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Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid…

Abscess incision and drainage

…cellulitis instead gives a diffuse oedematous picture without a demarcated fluid collection. Ultrasound also shows the depth of the cavity and its distance to vessels…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…permitted correction over 24 and 48 hours. 7. Start a fluid balance chart and hourly urine measurement. Sudden polyuria is a warning sign of impending…

Coronary Anomalies and Myocardial Bridging

…than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…In many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

… rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrate (from transfusions), phenytoin, phosphate, and foscarnet, among others. ECG in hypoc

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease…

The PR Interval & PR segment

…are electrically isolated from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus). However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria…

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