…Haemodynamic measurements become interpretable only when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both…

…G Grey 150–200 mL/min Trauma, major surgery 18 G Green 90–100 mL/min Blood transfusion, contrast medium 20 G Pink 55–65…

…Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]. Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of achieving spontaneous cardiac activity is a function of the duration of circulatory standstill and the underlying cause, as elaborated…

…function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure…

…be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen in arteries throughout the circulatory system (Figure 1). The ventricular wall consists of…

…Donation after death by neurological criteria (total brain infarction) Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive…

…hypoglycaemia, circulatory failure, sepsis, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, seizure, poisoning and severe withdrawal. 4. Establish whether the condition is new or clearly worse than baseline. Contact…

…and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic…

…a repeat sample, but do not delay treatment when there are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium…

…of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 …

…urea and a blood gas with lactate 5 Give crystalloid in small boluses with frequent reassessment. Give blood according to the circulatory response and the…

…in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm (which is the normal rhythm) has the following characteristics: (1) heart rate 50–100 beats per minute; (2…

…RV pressure overload and the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency…

…tongue, and uvula causing airway obstruction Cardiovascular: Hypotension Circulatory collapse culminating in cardiac arrest Anaphylaxis can develop without dermatological or upper airway manifestations. Anaphylactic cardiac…

…benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can be made via auscultation, where…

…vasopressor therapy . Potential vasopressor agents include: Norepinephrine Phenylephrine Vasopressin Prioritize the collection of blood cultures to identify potential pathogens and guide antimicrobial therapy. Administer broad…

…cooling before circulatory cessation, enhancing the likelihood of survival. In such instances, favorable neurological outcomes are possible even with prolonged periods of no blood flow…

…venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications for exercise ECG Severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure 200 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg)…

…Biological death usually occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is highly unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest without any circulation)…

…g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g., arrhythmias). Unconsciousness occurs within 10 seconds of cessation of cerebral blood flow. Agonal breathing : Deep, slow, irregular…

…phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 …

…the Bernoulli principle, the sum of kinetic energy (K) and pressure energy (P) is constant as blood flows through the circulatory system. The equality of…

…red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm…

…COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory support …

…severe circulatory failure and marked respiratory failure [3,4]. Question Appropriate sample : : Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis in a haemodynamically stable patient A venous blood gas…

…procedure or angiographic intervention. Summon anaesthesia, the operating specialty, the blood bank and, where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous ECG. Establish two intravenous cannulae where possible. Use intraosseous access…

…syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or, less commonly…

…compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability of the heart to provide blood flow appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…including mechanical circulatory support and transplantation, is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure…

…of all major peripheral pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation. Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise, haemodynamic instability…

…guideline material as blood pressure 140/90 mmHg on two separate occasions after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension after…

…myocardial infarction, or heart failure. Mechanical disruption must be considered whenever abrupt circulatory collapse occurs after STEMI. Rupture may involve the ventricular free wall, interventricular…

…1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of…

…administer appropriate fluid or erythrocyte boluses to restore circulatory volume. To ensure optimal oxygen delivery, high flow oxygen therapy (100% FiO2) should be provided to…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation A systematic approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to…

…central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for 7–10 days after the end of infusion. Refer to Table 2 for a comparison between levosimendan…

…bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) α and β agonist Infusion of 2–10 μg/min (titrate as needed). T½ 5 min…