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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…Group 3: PH due to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms…

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal and psychological complications. Symptoms and conditions that should prompt assessment include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial…

Constrictive pericarditis: definition, causes, diagnosis & echocardiography

…most often chronic, but in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the…

Management of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia)

…in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms, ranging from chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most…

Spirometry

…or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…method and settings Condition Method Starting pressure Escalation Oxygen target : : : : : Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5 cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2.5 to…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full…

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