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Urinary catheterisation

…it is the shape of the tip and the technique that matter, not the calibre; choose instead the smallest size that will do the job…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…arrhythmia or ischaemic ECG changes Concomitant cardiac disease Oxygen targets Patient Initial target saturation : : Known COPD or another clear risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure 88…

Pre-test Probability and Selection of Non-invasive Testing in Stable Angina

…chest pain. It is appropriate when the expected information is likely to change management. In patients with a very low probability of obstructive CAD, testing…

🟠 Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore always part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when…

Doppler effect and Doppler echocardiography

…then the frequency of the reflected sound waves will differ from the emitted sound waves. The change in frequency is referred to as the Doppler…

Common laboratory tests

…small change in T4 produces a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of…

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