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Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

…just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several layers. Flow velocity is equal within…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…6. Repeat on the left side. A positive test in the posterior canal is characterised by: A latency of 1–5 seconds before the nystagmus…

Paracentesis

…the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications…

🟠 Lipid lowering therapy after ACS

…mg/dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add ezetimibe (Class I recommendation). • On highest tolerated dose statin and…

🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…32 33–37 38 RV systolic area, cm2 7.5–16 17–19 20–22 23 RV fractional area change, % 32–60 25–31 18…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and…

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