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Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment

…myocarditis and perimyocarditis: ECG changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

…just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several layers. Flow velocity is equal within…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered …

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test; performed on the wrong patient or by an inexperienced examiner it is…

Paracentesis

…in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites —…

🟠 Lipid lowering therapy after ACS

…mg/dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add ezetimibe (Class I recommendation). • On highest tolerated dose statin and…

🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…32 33–37 38 RV systolic area, cm2 7.5–16 17–19 20–22 23 RV fractional area change, % 32–60 25–31 18…

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