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Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment

…and chronic. This article will focus on the former, as it has implications for all clinicians and the ECG. Acute pericarditis causes chest pain, which…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

…The flow will converge and accelerate just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…1. The patient sits upright on the couch, far enough forward that the head will extend beyond the end of the couch when laid down…

Paracentesis

…choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and the descending colon is fixed, whereas the caecum on the right is mobile…

🟠 Lipid lowering therapy after ACS

…mg/dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add ezetimibe (Class I recommendation). • On highest tolerated dose statin and…

🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…32 33–37 38 RV systolic area, cm2 7.5–16 17–19 20–22 23 RV fractional area change, % 32–60 25–31 18…

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