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Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment

…myocarditis and perimyocarditis: ECG changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

…just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several layers. Flow velocity is equal within…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom…

Paracentesis

…should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often lacks abdominal pain and peritonism and instead presents as encephalopathy, renal failure or simply deterioration…

🟠 Lipid lowering therapy after ACS

…mg/dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add ezetimibe (Class I recommendation). • On highest tolerated dose statin and…

🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…32 33–37 38 RV systolic area, cm2 7.5–16 17–19 20–22 23 RV fractional area change, % 32–60 25–31 18…

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