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Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

Echocardiography Fractional shortening (FS) for estimating systolic function Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It…

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

…just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several layers. Flow velocity is equal within…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up…

Paracentesis

…choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and the descending colon is fixed, whereas the caecum on the right is mobile…

🟠 Lipid lowering therapy after ACS

…mg/dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add ezetimibe (Class I recommendation). • On highest tolerated dose statin and…

🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…32 33–37 38 RV systolic area, cm2 7.5–16 17–19 20–22 23 RV fractional area change, % 32–60 25–31 18…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and…

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