…5]. Recognising sepsis Suspected or confirmed infection together with new organ dysfunction must raise the suspicion of sepsis. The patient need not have fever, leucocytosis…

…hydrogen ions instead of potassium, and the urine stays acidic however much bicarbonate is given. Potassium replacement is not the management of a side effect…

…disease (CKD), facilitating early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient…

…uraemic symptoms (pericarditis, encephalopathy) and certain poisonings. Early initiation without an absolute indication has not been shown to improve survival. Parameter Guide value : : Effluent dose…

…malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow failure and certain targeted cancer treatments. Fever is not obligatory Hypothermia, new confusion, tachypnoea, hypotension, rigors…

…mean of creatinine and cystatin C The most reliable in routine clinical practice Cockcroft–Gault Still used in certain dosing recommendations — it gives clearance, not…

…Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to be predictive of intracranial hemorrhage, which is considered the most devastating complication related to anticoagulation use.

…or the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. In such clinical scenarios, an atypical ECG presentation does not definitively exclude a typical flutter circuit utilizing the CTI…

…attempts to restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference in mortality when comparing rate and…

…20% of those in the extracorporeal CPR group and 16% in the conventional CPR group had a favorable neurologic outcome. This difference was not statistically…

…beta blockers can reveal people at risk of future AV blocks. A normal functioning AV node should not develop AV block when treated with beta…

…evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical, potentially causing angina during rest. Patients experiencing angina at rest are not suitable…

…all signals, except those reflected from a certain depth. The depth can be determined since the speed of ultrasound is constant in the body. The…

…next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain…

…tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by vagal manoeuvres, adenosine or rate controlling drugs. New onset fibrillation of certain duration below the threshold…

…high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10 days In appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis and pancreatitis, antibiotics are given only in certain more severe…

…92% of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), usually within 30 seconds. Doses higher than 18 mg are unlikely to revert a tachycardia and should not be used…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…hypertrophy under certain loading conditions (i.e in the presence of increased load). Thus, some cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be the result of a…

…means that the machine emits ultrasound waves with a certain frequency and subsequently records reflected sound waves at double the frequency of the emitted waves…

…and depth. It is also possible to adjust the frame rate to a certain extent. The ultrasound image Figure 4. Example of ultrasound image. This…

…pressure increases but at a certain threshold, pressure rises rapidly with further volume increases. This is explained by the existence of an upper limit for…

…Causes of mitral stenosis Rheumatic heart disease Congenital mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus…