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Central venous catheter

…A central line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr. Catheter length: the right internal jugular vein requires the shortest catheter, while left…

Drugs in the emergency setting

…FASS) before administration — concentrations and formulations differ between units, and most serious dosing errors arise at the dilution step, not in the choice of dose…

Antiplatelet Therapy in Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction

…or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…the cause, and assess the risk for future episodes and serious harm. This evaluation should include a detailed history, thorough questioning of eyewitnesses, and a…

Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination

…discussed in this article. Metabolic equivalent (MET): measuring oxygen consumption Estimation of oxygen consumption is central to the assessment of exercise capacity. Metabolic equivalents (METs…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma potassium is…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…Exercise stress test Evaluation of the exercise stress test (exercise ECG) The ECG reaction has always been a central component of the exercise stress test…

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