…recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD…

…Exercise stress test Evaluation of the exercise stress test (exercise ECG) The ECG reaction has always been a central component of the exercise stress test…

…of atrial size 10 cm² or 40% of atrial size Jet orientation central variable excentric Pulmonary vein flow S dominant reduced S wave systolic flow…

…clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and…

…atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion, and stent…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function…

…receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly…