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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea…

Urinary alkalinisation

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level…

Central venous catheter

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular…

Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate during…

🟠 Mitral valve

…20% of atrial size 4 10 cm² or 20 40% of atrial size 10 cm² or 40% of atrial size Jet orientation central variable excentric…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation…

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