Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…The reference values below are taken from the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI)…

…and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office systolic and diastolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively…

…of atrial size 10 cm² or 40% of atrial size Jet orientation central variable excentric Pulmonary vein flow S dominant reduced S wave systolic flow…

…thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an office systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥90 mmHg…

…for epidemiological purposes. With the advent of highly sensitive cardiac biomarkers, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association…

…The pre test probability is central because the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on…

…therapy, with or without other lipid lowering treatment. The durability of the response is central to its clinical use. After the initial treatment phase, administration…

…cycle ergometer (bicycle) are the most frequently used test methods. Cycle ergometer is preferred in Europe, while treadmill testing is predominant in the United States…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…