…Constrictive pericarditis is most often chronic, but in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important…

…good neurological function, which is why CPR should be considered even with extended no flow periods, in cases of unwitnessed cardiac arrests, as well as…

…ischemia. In summary, if an ECG recorded during chest pain does not display ischemia, then the chest pain is not caused by myocardial ischemia. The…

…sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…for which specific antidotes are available. The detrimental effects of these substances can potentially be reversed if interventions are promptly instituted. In scenarios where an…

…Most current protocols for ECMO exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In cases where cardiac arrest is caused by myocardial…

…RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle, will also affect the inferior wall of the left ventricle in 90% of the cases…

…but in critical illness, marked hypoxaemia, or when an accurate PaCO₂ is needed, an arterial blood gas should be considered. Do not wait for the…

…block. This is because left bundle branch block causes substantial changes in left ventricular depolarization and repolarization, which result in secondary ST T changes. Such…

…an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes, which is…

…calcified plaque is present in an asymptomatic individual is not supported by the available evidence described here. Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular…

…development in STE ACS/STEMI. Note that a patient with STEMI may present during any of the phases illustrated in this figure, which is why…

…arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as…

…in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk…

…In cases of an unexpected cardiac arrest in an individual with any likelihood of survival, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be started. If cardiac arrest is…

…association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is important…

…POX) screening , which is routine in all Western countries. According to a Cochrane review, for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will…

…relatively modest when collateral circulation is adequate. For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication…

…in some cases up to 6 hours or more. Discuss this with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered only after a life threatening…

…mechanisms involve: Loss of function variants in the LDL receptor gene, LDLR, which account for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding…

…The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation is a widely used tool for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which assesses kidney function…

…from an ectopic focus located anywhere in the atria. In most cases, the premature atrial impulse is conducted to the ventricles, which results in ventricular…

…are common differential diagnoses which represent contraindications for thrombolysis. Venous thromboembolism is a chronic and serious condition. Mortality in pulmonary embolism is up to 20…

…in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk…

…ischemia, which is a mechanism to protect the cell from continued ischemic damage by downregulating metabolism (and thus contractility). Stunning may persist for hours, days…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

…Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]. In salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and…

…intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases in the pregnancy related…

…be suspected in case of detection of ecotdense tissue masses. However, the majority of all ecotate masses are vegetations (endocarditis) and thrombi. Only a minority…

…Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of concomitant tachyarrhythmia, the pacemaker allows for adequate (high) dosing of rate…

…seconds is defined as a sinoatrial pause. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Sinoatrial arrest. Also note the ST segment elevations (which in this case…

…cases). Idioventricular rhythm starts and terminates gradually. It occurs in other situations than does ventricular rhythm; idioventricular rhythm is primarily seen after reperfusion in an…

…clinical picture are sufficient for a treatment decision. Systemic thrombolysis is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication…

…sided filling pressure is normal or only slightly elevated. This combination—systemic venous hypertension with relatively modest left sided congestion—is an important clinical clue…

…care for these conditions. However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used…

…or diuretic induced, but it is absent in most diagnosed patients. Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and…

…rhythm is a regular rhythm with a frequency of around 40–60 beats per minute. In case of sinus arrest (or any scenario in which…

…hypertension is not regarded as a discrete disease; rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is…

…values in the general population are 450 ms for men and 460 ms for women. While there is no absolute QTc threshold at which TdP…

…is an umbrella term that also includes post pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in…

…reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC. Mutations in the desmosomal gene PKP2 is the…

…rate adjust, which means that the pacemaker fails to adjust its rate according to haemodynamic needs. This is only relevant in rate responsive pacemakers. These…

…which enables blood flow from the right to the left atrium. Echocardiography is of importance for cardioembolic stroke, cryptogenic stroke, and for emboli arising in…

…Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma — these can be treated with cryotherapy by an experienced practitioner in selected cases, but surgery is the standard…

…60% of cases. These disruptions may initiate or complicate the haematoma. IMH most frequently involves the descending thoracic aorta, which is affected in approximately 60…

…may be used as prognostic markers during the disease course. In summary, the risk of severe disease and death is several times higher in patients…

…majority of cases: Right ventricular hypertrophy shifts the electrical axis to the right. The terminal portion of the T wave is not positive in right…

…It is clear that only a negligible fraction of all episodes of myocardial ischemia result in cardiac arrest. In order for an infarction or ischemic…

…decreases impulse transmission in the entire heart. Severe symptoms occur at 7 mmol/L or higher. Causes of hyperkalaemia Severe hyperkalemia is usually the result…

…tachyarrhythmia in which a macroscopic re entry circuit involves the atria, atrioventricular node, accessory pathway and the ventricles. In most cases, the re entry is…

…and 1961 showed that VT could be terminated by delivering an electrical shock. This prompted physicians to construct coronary care units, in which all pat

…In most cases, the re entry is induced by a premature atrial beat reaching the atrioventricular node while some fibers are still refractory. If an…

…develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor to myocardial infarction. NSTEMI and unstable angina have similar pathophysiology and management…

…GWTG RI) was 25% in 2017. Location and witnesses About 60% of all out of hospital cardiac arrests are witnessed, which is fundamental for survival…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place, an echocardiographic examination is done. With echocardiography, good conditions are obtained for visualizing the…

…In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating factor such as vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or a medical or surgical illness is…

…through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in AV nodal cells), which allows for ventricular filling to…

…produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury…

…pacemaker, which is the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines. As in all clinical emergencies…