Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…both. A person may also be considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are present…

…Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The increased cardiovascular burden is particularly important because it may occur at a younger age…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

…duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with…

…secondary prevention, randomized trials in people with established coronary disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In…

…by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic information regarding cardiovascular risk. Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification…

…is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…are lower or otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…causing afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and reducing glomerular hyperfiltration. The cardiovascular and renal effects extend beyond glycaemic control. Proposed mechanisms include: Reduction in glomerular hypertension and…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible…

…abnormalities, HF and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes…

…pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk…

CPR This chapter discusses interventions and evaluations performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes…

…This distinction supports a risk based approach because cardiovascular benefit from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but…

…echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance …

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude…

…is therefore directed at identifying individuals at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure…

…The reference values below are taken from the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI)…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function…

…Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Thromboembolism Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…above the goal despite statin and ezetimibe therapy. Goal: Achieve LDL C levels <1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL) to reduce cardiovascular risk. 1…

…cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology, providing insight into the perfusion pressure experienced by organs and tissues…

…reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is…

…major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may persist despite appropriate lipid lowering and other guideline directed therapies. Anti inflammatory treatment…

…Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly during cardiovascular angiography, computed tomography…

…of attending a lecture given by professor Salim Yusuf of McMaster University. Professor Yusuf is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine, a real giant…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…treatment related contributors, and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office systolic and diastolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg and…

…The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels…

…which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and…

…test, exercise stress ECG) Exercise stress testing has been used routinely for over 60 years to evaluate cardiopulmonary function and to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The…

…to right bundle branch block, left bundle branch block is always a pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular disease, postoperatively after cardiac surgery 80 g/L Acute coronary syndrome…

…failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR of 70 and A3 is…

…Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon as possible after symptom onset. Prophylaxis against cardiovascular complications (after acute myocardial infarction, unstable coronary artery disease…

…BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary artery disease Heart failure Dyslipidemia (including high LDL…

…induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of…

…Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL aripiprazole lauroxil Mixed wp less…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…to bradyarrhythmic arrest or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), presenting as cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide…

…treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing…

…suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour…