…novo after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and…

…Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular consequences of

…of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. SCORE2 is intended principally for adults aged 40–69 years, whereas SCORE2 OP is used in adults…

…risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women…

…thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant…

…In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and…

…in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless, many patients are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation…

…should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension, with particular vigilance when the clinical history includes hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…years). Another 9 affected individuals were presented in the study. All genetic tests, using gene panels for known gene mutations for cardiovascular disease, were negative…

…is the predominant cause, accounting for approximately 60% of HFrEF cases in Western populations [14] . Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders…

…are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion…

…smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit…

…approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is higher in populations with…

…clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the…

…It is therefore a disorder of coronary microvascular perfusion rather than persistent obstruction of the treated epicardial segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3…

…diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest…

…follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies…

…although the highest risk was noted among patients with cardiovascular disease. The highest mortality rate was observed in patients with elevated TnT levels who had…

…of otherwise evidence based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in older adults. It contributes to vascular…

…Acute cardiovascular effects Acute ethanol exposure has a negative inotropic effect and promotes peripheral vasodilation through reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in…

…in major cardiovascular events with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either nuts or extra virgin olive oil compared with a low fat dietary pattern. The…

…lipoproteins and insulin resistance are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly in peripheral arterial disease. The relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is…

…play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This causal relationship is supported by genetic, observational and interventional evidence. The relationship between LDL C…

…follow applicable cardiovascular exercise screening guidance. In individuals with cardiovascular disease, an exercise test may provide objective information on peak exercise capacity and the heart…

…The cardiovascular and renal effects extend beyond glycaemic control. Proposed mechanisms include: Reduction in glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration Decreased tubular energy demand and oxygen consumption…

…of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity, reduced exercise capacity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype…

…from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the…

…and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes The global burden of…

…because cardiovascular benefit from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional…

…echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance …

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic…

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin treatment is more effective than moderate intensity treatment in reducing major cardiovascular events. Acute coronary syndromes The period…

…manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It differs from primordial prevention, which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk…

…A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of…

…inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone…

…mortality The modern concept of rehabilitation has evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which…

…CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily…

…a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF…

…of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with…

…supplies. Consequently, reduced oxygen supply would not result in ischemia, since the myocardium adapts and downregulates metabolism to avoid developing ischemia. According to this theory…

…a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Sustained VT: Defined as…

…remains above the goal despite statin and ezetimibe therapy. Goal: Achieve LDL C levels <1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL) to reduce cardiovascular risk…

…represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology…

…bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. In the cited evidence…

…dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents, including pexelizumab, losmapimod and darapladib, failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied…

…acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly during cardiovascular angiography, computed tomography, or percutaneous coronary intervention. The preferred terminology…

…had the privilige of attending a lecture given by professor Salim Yusuf of McMaster University. Professor Yusuf is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine…

…despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction…

…is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half…

…equally important. In fact, a large body of evidence demonstrates that the strongest predictor of cardiovascular and overall mortality is maximal (peak) oxygen uptake, which…

…ST depressions, T wave changes) are typically concealed in the setting of LBBB. A patient with acute STEMI may therefore display a normal LBBB pattern…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular disease…

…output : : : 1 A rise ≥ 26 µmol/L in 48 h, or 1.5–1.9 × the baseline < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6…

…particularly at the extremes of height and weight. BMI is particularly poor a predictor in South Asians, who have substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular disease…

…not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients…