…is classified instead as an ectopic atrial rhythm (EAR) . Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) most commonly occurs in individuals with underlying structural or electrical heart disease…

…vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. In these populations…

…heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

…Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics reveal that up to 30…

…Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension…

…cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease…

…Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries…

…cardiac disease. Alcohol also increases the rise in myocardial oxygen consumption associated with exercise. Chronic myocardial injury Long term heavy consumption can produce a cardiomyopathy…

…induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions. The prognosis in idiopathic…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…ventricle begins to dilate. Approximately 50% of cases exhibit biventricular cardiomyopathy, although the disease is less pronounced in the left ventricle. Rarely the condition is…

…infiltrative cardiomyopathy within the appropriate clinical context. Several patient related factors influence interpretation. Natriuretic peptide concentrations generally increase with age and are higher in patients…

…F, Pavlou M, et al. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Hcm risk scd). European Heart Journal. 2014…

…with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole…

…artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in…

…income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated…

…present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary to known cardiac conditions; in these patients…

…been discussed in Introduction to Exercise ECG. The most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease …

…a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Sustained VT: Defined as…

…of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable red flag…

…In constrictive pericarditis, the E wave velocity varies during inspiration and expiration. The E wave velocity is lower during inspiration. Differential diagnosis: restrictive cardiomyopathy It…

…without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic…

…absent. A resting transthoracic echocardiogram is useful before stress testing when previous echocardiographic information is unavailable. It may identify significant valve disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, LV…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…

…hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity…

…RBBB and LBBB. This was reported in the Coronary Heart Disease Study,1 which enrolled 10,899 participants with baseline ECG examinations. Individuals with nonspecific…

…arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation…

…in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Reduced ejection fraction Numerous conditions can lead to reduced ejection fraction. Cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, renal failure, ischemic heart disease…

…LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease…

…will display higher amplitude in lead II and lead V1. Such a P wave is called P pulmonale because pulmonary disease is the most common…

…Figure 1. Echocardiogram showing takotsubo cardiomyopathy in acute phase (A) and resolution phase (B). Note the apical ballooning of the apical portion fo the left…

…cardiomyopathy should not be confused with hypertrophy caused by increased loading conditions. Increased ventricular load is mostly caused by systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. In…

…waves in left sided leads. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) The most common causes of left ventricular hypertrophy are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and…

…of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is 8–10% among patients with atrial tachycardia (Medi et al, Ju et al). The corresponding figure in children is 28…

…in the assessment of ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. Numerous formulas have been developed to approximate ventricular mass. Most formulas are simple mathematical equations, included in…

…these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ARVD) – ARVC also tends to manifest in young adults and the most common symptoms are…

…Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal values for QTc interval Bazett's formula is several decades old…