…a risk of developing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. In pediatric populations, a distinct form of atrial tachycardia may occur due to embryological remnants within the atrial…

…is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure, dyspnea). Most individuals, however, do experience symptoms and th

…is due to the vulnerability caused by marked local differences in repolarization. This article is part of the comprehensive chapter: How to read and interpret…

…difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology and impaired…

…aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension result in increased ventricular load, which the ventricle…

…and occasionally pathological Q waves. Troponin levels are often mildly elevated. Hence, takotsubo cardiomyopathy cannot be differentiated from ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Due to…

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

…block (LPFB) Left posterior fascicular block is much less common than LAFB. This is due to the fact that the posterior fascicle is larger and

…any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be due to myocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis, cardiomyopathy or hypertrophy. Prognosis of nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay…

…stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and coarctation of the aorta. There are several ECG indexes, which generally have high diagnostic specificity but low sensitivity. These…

…exercise ECG Aortic dissection – due to risk of progression and rupture. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within 48 hours – due to the risk of aggravating the…

…This immediately leads to syncope and soon death, unless resuscitation is attempted. Sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes…

…or requiring termination earlier due to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention…

…may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re entry or triggered activity. All types of myocardial cells may be engaged in initiation and maintenance of…

…hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which enhances its contribution to the P wave. The second hump in lead II becomes larger and the negative…

…the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present, the clinical picture may include: Symptoms attributable to chronic LV systolic dysfunction and HF Angina…

…dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a…

…cardiomyopathy. Management is aimed at restoring normal rhythm. If restoration of sinus rhythm is not possible, attempts must be made to normalize ventricular rate and…

…the fibrofatty replacement progresses, the ventricular wall becomes thinner and the ventricle begins to dilate. Approximately 50% of cases exhibit biventricular cardiomyopathy, although the disease…

…structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to…

…impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy, dilation may involve all…

…hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. Numerous formulas have been developed to approximate ventricular mass. Most formulas are simple mathematical equations, included in all ultrasound systems, and assume…

…only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution…

…takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS…

…older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it…

…disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents…

…cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy). Ventricular dilation leads to dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and…

…to be found in a young patient with a clear family history and less likely in an older patient with non classical features. Dilated cardiomyopathy…

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

…rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin identifies injury to myocardial…

…acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to their distinct pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial…

…disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination Before stress echocardiography…

…and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ARVD) – ARVC also tends to manifest in young adults and the most common symptoms…

…during inspiration and expiration. The E wave velocity is lower during inspiration. Differential diagnosis: restrictive cardiomyopathy It is important to be able to differentiate constrictive…

…volume and subsequently an increase in ejection fraction. Stroke volumes are generally reduced in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Reduced ejection fraction Numerous conditions can lead to reduced…

…Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics reveal that up to 30…

…severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure, and uncontrolled arrhythmias. Pharmacologic stress agents have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active…