Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

…the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized…

Echocardiography Pericardial diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis…

…and miscellaneous conditions Eletrical alternans: an ECG sign of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount of serous…

…treated successfully in many instances. Cardiac tamponade : Tamponade in trauma patients is due to blood accumulation in the pericardial sack. This impairs atrial and ventricular…

…e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection, and survival among such patients is, unfortunately…

…producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture, producing acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR…

…with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction, cardiac rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease…

…made the procedure considerably safer than the blind subxiphoid technique still described in older textbooks. Indications Cardiac tamponade — the only absolute indication, and always urgent…

…chemotherapeutic agents. In the acute setting, bradyarrhythmic cardiac arrest or asystole may result from reversible systemic insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, preexisting…

…and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP − CVP) …

…or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes, including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, preexisting acidosis, drug overdose, hypothermia…

…mild. A rapidly developing or large effusion is clinically more concerning because it may lead to cardiac tamponade or indicate another post AMI complication, including…

…discussed below), and assessment of differential diagnoses; cardiac tamponade, aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection are common differential diagnoses which represent contraindications for thrombolysis. Venous thromboembolism…

…hypothermia, tamponade, toxins, thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions…

…danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion…

…sac compromises the relaxation and/or contraction of the ventricles and atria. This situation is referred to as cardiac tamponade, which has been discussed earlier…

…right ventricular free wall rupture and cardiac tamponade. The most common of these are hypotension, low cardiac output and sensitivity to drugs that reduce preload…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90…

…by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…

…by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C (82.4° F), while temperatures below 24°…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharge an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Cardiac electrophysiology: Membrane potential, action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T…

…perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…In the United States, more than 500,000 individuals (adults and children) experience a cardiac arrest (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported…

…the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all sudden cardiac arrests occur outside hospitals, the chain of care includes laymen…

…is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm : Cardiac rhythm that cannot be defibrillated or cardioverted. These rhythms include pulse less electrical activity (PEA…

…medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices…

…However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator…