…Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and…

…STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade…

…mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction, cardiac rupture with tamponade…

…BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to hemodynamic instability, presenting as shock or cardiac arrest manifesting as bradyarrhythmic arrest…

…peak biomarker levels, compared to those without such conduction defects [12]. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) : In patients with a low ejection fraction, syncope is considered…

…cardiac death. Therefore, current screening recommendations for athletes emphasize on measures to detect hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac…

…low. Notably, specificity increases when the septum bulges into the left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically…

…However, due to varying strengths, limitations and clinical applications of these modalities, the definitions of cardiac planes, ventricular segments, and coronary arterial territories evolved differently…

…the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the…

…cardiogenic shock, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of…

…43–0.47 0.48–0.52 0.53 0.24–0.42 0.43–0.46 0.47–0.51 0.52 Septal thickness…

…conditions that favour thrombus formation. Extensive transmural septal infarction may also permit mural thrombi to develop over infarcted myocardium in either ventricle. With contemporary imaging…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90…

…by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…

…by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C (82.4° F), while temperatures below 24°…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharge an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Cardiac electrophysiology: Membrane potential, action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…Giant Lambls excrescences Septum Defects — PFO, ASA, ASD SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL Echocardiography for the investigation of cardiac embolic sources The aim…

…Hence, cTnI is the most cardiac specific biomarker. Troponin T (cTnT) is cardiac specific but the cTnT assays also detect proteins released from skeletal muscle…

…perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…volume renders chest compressions futile. Hypoxia : Hypoxia is common in traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…In the United States, more than 500,000 individuals (adults and children) experience a cardiac arrest (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported…

…the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all sudden cardiac arrests occur outside hospitals, the chain of care includes laymen…

…is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine…

…underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an understanding…

…is considered to have several functions, despite the fact that it can be removed without affecting cardiac function or hemodynamics. The following functions are attributed…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm : Cardiac rhythm that cannot be defibrillated or cardioverted. These rhythms include pulse less electrical activity (PEA…

…medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices…

…However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator…

…is possible to detect elevated levels of myocardial proteins in blood within 2 to 3 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T…

…Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Eletrical alternans: an ECG sign of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount of…