…Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and…

…STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade…

…mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction, cardiac rupture with tamponade…

…BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to hemodynamic instability, presenting as shock or cardiac arrest manifesting as bradyarrhythmic arrest…

…peak biomarker levels, compared to those without such conduction defects [12]. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) : In patients with a low ejection fraction, syncope is considered…

…cardiac death. Therefore, current screening recommendations for athletes emphasize on measures to detect hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac…

…low. Notably, specificity increases when the septum bulges into the left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically…

…However, due to varying strengths, limitations and clinical applications of these modalities, the definitions of cardiac planes, ventricular segments, and coronary arterial territories evolved differently…

…the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the…

…cardiogenic shock, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of…

In this course you will learn about cardiac physiology, anatomy and the principles of electrocardiography.