…or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery on the oesophagus…

…3. Give oxygen in hypoxaemia. 4. Start an inhaled short acting β2 agonist immediately. 5. Add ipratropium in a severe or life threatening attack. 6…

CPR Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Survival after cardiac arrest depends on the restoration of spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of…

…the half life of carbon monoxide. Contact your national or regional poison control centre regarding hyperbaric treatment. Cluster headache. High flow oxygen on a reservoir…

…carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is depicted in…

…hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when NIV is…

…Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon dioxide retention (COPD…