…brainstem infarction, haemorrhage, drug toxicity, demyelination HINTS plus by a trained examiner if nystagmus is present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome…

…The pupillary light reflex (PLR) – the constriction of the pupils in response to light – is a fundamental neurological examination finding that reflects brainstem (midbrain) function…

…cause, 4. prevent recurrence and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article…

…reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest…

…severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome and a clinical diagnosis, often described as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by…

…dissection CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel…

…made to withdraw life sustaining treatment, in whom total brain infarction is not expected to occur within a reasonable time, and in whom death is…

…septic shock Haemoglobin, transfusion threshold 70 g/L 80 g/L in acute coronary syndrome See the circulatory and haemodynamic parameters for pressures, flows and…

…60 to 65 mmHg is generally considered the minimum threshold necessary to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys…

…the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain…

…decisive. The pathophysiology reflects failure of vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina…

…of ischaemic stroke, resulting from the occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to deep structures. Lacunar stroke results in five classical lacunar syndromes…

…severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement…

…monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic syndrome, marked neurological organ damage…

…hunger anxiety pallor paraesthesiae Neuroglycopenic symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual…

…must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of…

…and brain imaging. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical history and examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke…

…of arteries in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the increased risk of stroke…

…seizures (myoclonus), stroke, cognitive dysfunction, Parkinsonism, vegetative state, or brain death. The cause of brain injuries is anoxic cell death, continued dysfunction in cerebral blood…

…minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly. Low flow : The circulation …

…induce myocardial electrical activity by generating adequate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain, and is therefore of prime importance…

… Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the…

… Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the…

… Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the…

… Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the…