…the complexity of defining an appropriate treatment target, particularly when a lower DBP, orthostatic hypotension, or impaired autonomic compensation limits tolerability. Evidence Base and Its…

…afternoon and evening. See the quick reference on inpatient insulin therapy Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of…

…homogeneous population: biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, sarcopenia, cognitive function, functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance…

…5–6 minutes. Biological death usually occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is highly unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…structures and social expectations. Both influence the prevalence, manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males…

…diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and newer generation DES…

…Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than…

…and no functional impairment to myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, severe form of muscle injury. The biological basis of…

…replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term…

…ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the absence of distinct P waves [1] [2] . Stroke Risk Scores: CHA2DS2…

…be low. Mechanisms and pathogenesis of early repolarization The biological mechanisms underlying the early repolarization pattern and the risk of ventricular fibrillation remain elusive. This…

…it is the biological composition and inflammatory activity of the plaque that dictate clinical risk [8] . Plaques The architecture and composition of the atherosclerotic plaque…

…biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and…

…a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells…

…through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product and has no direct biologic effect. BNP and NT proBNP…

…by a biologically active process. Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic…

…of attempting CPR is extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically…