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Blood Pressure Targets in Older and Frail Adults

…the complexity of defining an appropriate treatment target, particularly when a lower DBP, orthostatic hypotension, or impaired autonomic compensation limits tolerability. Evidence Base and Its…

Corticosteroids: quick reference for dose equivalents and stress dosing

…afternoon and evening. See the quick reference on inpatient insulin therapy Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of…

Cardiovascular Prevention in the Very Elderly

…homogeneous population: biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, sarcopenia, cognitive function, functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…5–6 minutes. Biological death usually occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is highly unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…structures and social expectations. Both influence the prevalence, manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and newer generation DES…

Lipoprotein(a): Measurement and Clinical Implications

…Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…and no functional impairment to myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, severe form of muscle injury. The biological basis of…

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