…to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise be hard to see, particularly when the patient…

…While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…a cryoprobe for contact technique. Cotton buds for small lesions (these give a more superficial and less controllable depth of freeze). A size 15 scalpel…

…of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign…

…often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction. Papillary myxomas are small; they have…

…ventricular fibrillation. The combination of early repolarization pattern on ECG and ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early…

…likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is…

…and clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates…

…confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern) with a condition which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of sudden cardiac death…

…observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment…

…ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of life, repeated…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…of the left ventricle will depend entirely on the posterior fascicle. The initial vector will be directed inferiorly ( Figure 1, panel A ), yielding a small…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

ECG Definition of normal and pathological pediatric and neonatal ECG The neonatal and pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) is interpreted using the same principles as in ECG…

…These cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses…

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…Treatment of sinus bradycardia Benign causes of sinus bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) do not require treatment. When benign causes are unlikely…

…an increased risk of thromboembolism. Pacemaker treatment is discussed in a separate article. Treatment of bradycardia (due to any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia …

…once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial ischemia. Refer to Exercise Stress Testing…

…discussed previously in this article. Briefly, accelerated ventricular rhythm (also called idioventricular rhythm) is a benign ventricular rhythm with a heart rate of 60–10

…also called idioventricular rhythm . The hallmark of all ventricular rhythms is the wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 seconds). The QRS complex is wide…