…history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds…

…Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis…

…are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate…

…which constitute a minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are…

…arrest in a population of 100 individuals, the absolute risk would be 3%. If 2 of those individuals were males and 1 was a female…

…likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is…

…and clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates…

…associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death), but instead they display an ECG with male/female pattern…

…observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…depolarizes the ventricles) passes through the bundle of His, and hence it originates in the atria. In other words: tachycardias with narrow QRS complexes originate…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). Figure 1. Left anterior fascicular block (anterior hemiblock) and left posterior fascicular…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…terms of rhythm, morphology, normal findings, normal variants, etc – from adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology…

…where cells in the AV junction establish an escape rhythm. This is asymptomatic and benign. ECG criteria for junctional rhythm Regular ventricular rhythm with rate…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects younger individuals who endure intense emotional stress, acute pain or other…

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias…

…<1 mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial…

…return) of ST segment elevations. If the reperfusion is complete (after a total occlusion) the ST segment is normalized within one hour, and this confirms…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…