…far enough forward that the head will extend beyond the end of the couch when laid down. 2. Turn the head 45° to the right…

…While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to…

…faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask primarily how the symptoms began, whether they are continuous or episodic, how long an attack lasts…

…Dark skin: a risk of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes…

…of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign…

…the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and…

…ventricular fibrillation. The combination of early repolarization pattern on ECG and ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early…

…likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is…

…Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal…

…confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern) with a condition which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of sudden cardiac death…

…observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment…

…a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of life, repeated hospital presentations and angiography, and increased short and long term…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…prefix “benign” must therefore not be used. The risk of sudden cardiac death is greatest if the early repolarization pattern occurs in the inferior limb…

…considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…pediatric patients, it is considered a benign finding. Generally, sinus arrhythmia is more pronounced in older children because they have a lower heart rate. Older…

…These cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses…

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…Low voltage in limb leads. Click to zoom. Figure 4. Sinus bradycardia. Click to zoom. Treatment of sinus bradycardia Benign causes of sinus bradycardia (e…

…an increased risk of thromboembolism. Pacemaker treatment is discussed in a separate article. Treatment of bradycardia (due to any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia …

…once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial ischemia. Refer to Exercise Stress Testing…

…discussed previously in this article. Briefly, accelerated ventricular rhythm (also called idioventricular rhythm) is a benign ventricular rhythm with a heart rate of 60–10

…also called idioventricular rhythm . The hallmark of all ventricular rhythms is the wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 seconds). The QRS complex is wide…