…the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible. Severe angina, heart failure or recent myocardial…

…While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue about −50 °C. The outer limit of…

…chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease : stable angina pectoris…

…cardiac tumors , which constitute a minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining…

…ventricular fibrillation. The combination of early repolarization pattern on ECG and ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early…

…likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is…

…and clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates…

…confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern) with a condition which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of sudden cardiac death…

…antagonist. In this setting, ivabradine should be considered to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalisation and cardiovascular death. The recommendation is class IIa, level…

…ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of life, repeated…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means…

…heart failure), which means that the pacemaker is indicated in order to continue treatment with that medication. It should be noted that the development of…

…in order to minimize the probability of missing significant abnormalities. The following parameters must be assessed, in chronological order: Heart rate Rhythm P wave PR…

…complete heart block (third degree AV block) the block may be located anywhere between the atrioventricular node and the bifurcation of the bundle of His…

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular…

…once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial ischemia. Refer to Exercise Stress Testing…

…discussed previously in this article. Briefly, accelerated ventricular rhythm (also called idioventricular rhythm) is a benign ventricular rhythm with a heart rate of 60–10

…also called idioventricular rhythm . The hallmark of all ventricular rhythms is the wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 seconds). The QRS complex is wide…