…beyond the end of the couch when laid down. 2. Turn the head 45° to the right. 3. Support the head and lay the patient…

…lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically, patients may present with: Absent breath sounds on the affected side Crepitus Subcutaneous emphysema…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue about −50 °C. The outer limit of…

…of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign…

…which constitute a minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are…

…al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest…

…likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is…

…bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right…

…intend to present an ECG with early repolarization (which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death)…

…begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may not…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…P wave PR interval QRS complex ST segment T wave U wave QT (QTc) interval Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiograms differ markedly – in terms of rhythm…

…where cells in the AV junction establish an escape rhythm. This is asymptomatic and benign. ECG criteria for junctional rhythm Regular ventricular rhythm with rate…

…Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…2. Sinus bradycardia, two premature ventricular contractions, incomplete right bundle branch block and ST segment depressions in V2 V6. Click to zoom. Figure 3. Sinus…

…node and the atrium). All these conditions have been discussed in detail in the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of…

…<1 mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial…

…and this confirms that the coronary artery flow is patent. The rapid ST segment return is explained by rapid normalization of myocardial cell membrane potentials…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…