…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically, patients may present with: Absent breath sounds on the affected side Crepitus Subcutaneous emphysema…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue about −50 °C. The outer limit of…

…of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign…

…which constitute a minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are…

…al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest…

…likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is…

…anchored around myocardial scar tissue [5] . Polymorphic VT (PMVT): Characterized by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation…

…intend to present an ECG with early repolarization (which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death)…

…begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may not…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…P wave PR interval QRS complex ST segment T wave U wave QT (QTc) interval Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiograms differ markedly – in terms of rhythm…

…where cells in the AV junction establish an escape rhythm. This is asymptomatic and benign. ECG criteria for junctional rhythm Regular ventricular rhythm with rate…

…Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus bradycardia: ECG, causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate…

…node and the atrium). All these conditions have been discussed in detail in the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of…

…<1 mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial…

…and this confirms that the coronary artery flow is patent. The rapid ST segment return is explained by rapid normalization of myocardial cell membrane potentials…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…