…cold alone. The temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the…

…description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask primarily how the symptoms began…

…Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign from serious etiologies…

…Tumors that grow invasively in the myocardium can cause arrhythmias, which in turn can cause hemodynamic effects (impaired cardiac output). Benign primary cardiac tumors Most…

…ECG definition. For decades it was believed that early repolarization was a benign condition, which is why the term benign early repolarization was coined. This…

…treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the breath, it is likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure…

…clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore…

…the authors have confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern) with a condition which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of…

…tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may…

…pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent…

…task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant, which is why expeditious management is warranted…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases…

…Hypersensitivity. Electrolyte disturbances Hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia. Hypercalcemia. Benign causes Well trained athletes display bradycardia at rest. Bradycardia during sleep is considered normal. Tricyclic antidepressants : amitriptyline, amoxapine…

…the PR interval is constant. Although sinus arrhythmia can be pronounced in pediatric patients, it is considered a benign finding. Generally, sinus arrhythmia is more…

…where cells in the AV junction establish an escape rhythm. This is asymptomatic and benign. ECG criteria for junctional rhythm Regular ventricular rhythm with rate…

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…Treatment of sinus bradycardia Benign causes of sinus bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) do not require treatment. When benign causes are unlikely…

…thromboembolism. Pacemaker treatment is discussed in a separate article. Treatment of bradycardia (due to any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction…

…once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial ischemia. Refer to Exercise Stress Testing…

…discussed previously in this article. Briefly, accelerated ventricular rhythm (also called idioventricular rhythm) is a benign ventricular rhythm with a heart rate of 60–10

…e multifocal ventricular complexes). In virtually all cases (particularly in myocardial ischemia) idioventricular rhythm is benign and does not demand treatment. It does not progress…