…cell carcinoma — these can be treated with cryotherapy by an experienced practitioner in selected cases, but surgery is the standard. Dark skin: a risk of…

…Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on the…

…Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign…

…structures. Polypoid myxomas are large; they have a smooth surface and a nucleus that often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid…

…great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest. This is a rather large increase in relative risk , but the absolute risk is…

…holding the breath, it is likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of…

…It meticulously details the classification, pathophysiological subtypes, and clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants…

…population (up to 90% of males aged 40 years or younger display this). Hence, the authors have confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern…

…By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate…

…ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of life, repeated…

…cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant, which is why expeditious management is warranted. Initial management includes assessing the…

…The condition has been recognized for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at…

…Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…during the first 1 to 2 months to about 150 beats/min. It then gradually decreases to about 120 beats/min at 6 months of…

…of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses do not reach the…

…a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…speed of 25 mm/s. Figure 1. Sinus bradycardia. Paper speed 25 mm/s. Calculate the rate by dividing 300 by the number of large…

…any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) need not be treated. When in doubt whether the bradycardia is…

…mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial ischemia…

…better marker of reperfusion than angiography itself. Studies have shown that angiographic blood flow does not always correlate with myocardial perfusion on the microvascular level…

…treatment. It does not progress to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation and it does not affect cardiac output to the point of hemodynamic compromise. Figure…