…The pulsed Doppler beam can be positioned using color Doppler (to visualize the direction of flow) and continuous Doppler (to locate the maximum flow velocities…

…of gain applied to incoming sound waves. This is done using gain control or time gain compensation (TGC) . Figure 1. TGC (time gain compensation) and…

…tip, using the thumb and the forefinger, while remaining fingers stabilize the grip. The transducer tends to glide out of position due to the gel…

…radius and area of PISA are calculated as follows: area PISA = 2 • π • r PISA 2 The flow (Q) can be calculated using PISA…

…that of reverberations. Figure 4. Mirror image artifact. Side lobe artifact A 2D image is formed by allowing the ultrasound beam to sweep back and…

…the direction of blood flow or tissue motion. Ideally, there should be no angle (0°) between the ultrasound beam and the direction of blood flow…

…trabeculae and papillary muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral annulus, aortic annulus, etc –are measured using…

…The Doppler Equation). Any angle error between the Doppler beam and the blood flow will result in an underestimation of the velocity. In clinical practice…

…if the premature beat reaches the atrioventricular node before it has repolarized completely. The earlier the impulse reaches the atrioventricular node (and bundle of His)…

CPR ECG 1 . The initial rhythm is atrial fibrillation. The fifth beat is a ventricular premature beat. A ventricular tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular…

…tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats (VT). ECG 4…

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

…rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs again…

…hydroxide ions are generated at the negative pole of the battery and produce a liquefactive necrosis that can reach the septal cartilage within a few…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…either a slowing of the heart rate or a PVC induced pause. The subsequent sinus beat typically exhibits a longer QT interval, and the T…

…A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable…

…from one beat to another) is uncommon. Ashman's phenomenon : This type of aberration occurs when the RR interval is first prolonged and then shortened…

…i.e the beat to beat variation i electrical amplitude – is the ECG hallmark of cardiac tamponade. Causes of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The…

…discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0…

…the ECG, this is observed as a gradual prolongation of the PR interval with each successive beat until a P wave fails to conduct, resulting…

…35 mm. Q waves: pathological Q waves (≥ 0.03 s and/or an amplitude ≥ 25 % of the R wave amplitude in the same lead, in…

…the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Use the table of contents to go…

…of hypoglycaemia in a patient who is eating poorly. Consider stopping it GLP 1 receptor agonist It can cause nausea and delayed gastric emptying. Bear…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…approximated using two dimensional echocardiography. The most widely adopted parameter is the ejection fraction (EF). The concept of ejection fraction was introduced by Braunwald and…

…changes. This is due to the fact that pre excitation leads to abnormal depolarization of the ventricles and this leads to abnormal repolarization as well…

…tissue [5] . Polymorphic VT (PMVT): Characterized by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated…