…fire brigade, emergency services, security guards, etc .), paramedics, EMTs, nurses and physicians in the emergency medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest…

CPR Basic life support (BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a…

…the basis of morbid anatomy. This is not a new experience for either the pathologist or the internist. That there is something lacking in our…

…service is to give effect to the deceased person's wishes, not to persuade anyone. This article describes the process as it is regulated in…

…Physiological Basis of the Pupillary Reflex in Cardiac Arrest The pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the…

…Thus, in this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the lead tip, the smaller the current used…

Echocardiography Basic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

Klinisk kemi & laboratoriemedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Interpret the blood gas in the same order every time. Skipping a step is a common reason why…

…performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone, advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) is provided by…

…sympathetic activity results in increased heart rate and stronger contractions. Physical exercise increases the venous return to the heart, which results in increased cardiac preload…

…recommended to review the basic concepts of AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of…

…Basic knowledge of arrhythmias and cardiac automaticity will facilitate understanding of this article. As discussed in Chapter 1 the atrioventricular node does not exhibit automaticity…

…opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g × 4 The basic…

…ECG interpretation is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and…

…arrhythmia; it is a ventricular conduction disturbance . It is discussed in this chapter because the phenomenon is frequently observed during arrhythmias. As previously discussed, all…

…which will be discussed below. The basic principles of exercise test protocols will also be discussed in this article. Metabolic equivalent (MET): measuring oxygen consumption…

…access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be…

…blockers in heart failure; these drugs antagonize neurohormonal mechanisms and improve cardiac function and survival dramatically in heart failure ( Yancy et al ). Acquiring a basic…

…Cardiology (ESC). The chapter will start with basic concepts of NSTEMI and unstable angina and then elaborate the discussion gradually. As in STEMI, the hallmark…

…dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department, an intensive care unit…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

Procedurer Pericardiocentesis is performed on the basis of the haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from…

Echocardiography Diastolic function and echocardiographic assessment The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…genetic basis and may precipitate lethal arrhythmias. Long QT syndrome was identified several decades ago by Jervell et al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the…

…basis is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply. Stress increases myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In…

…and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can proceed directly to the subsequent chapters, which provide detailed discussions…

…on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic…

…The modern concept of rehabilitation has evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which exercise…

…Imaging Basis CT generates cross sectional images from x ray attenuation measurements obtained at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is expressed relative to water in Hounsfield…

…diagnostic interpretation reserved for appropriately selected patients. Pathophysiological basis Exercise progressively increases myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…myocardial scar, ventricular function, and, in selected circumstances, myocardial viability. Both techniques rely on intravenous radiopharmaceuticals that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution…

…regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life. Primordial prevention in childhood may reduce the subsequent development…

…Statins inhibit 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic cholesterol production increases hepatic LDL receptor expression…

… CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy) are discussed in subsequent chapters. The first part consists of a brief rehearsal of the basics of cardiac automaticity, action potentials…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…compare electrical currents in two measurement points. The electrophysiological basis of the ECG leads The movement of charged particles generates an electric current. In electrocardiology…

…BMI < 20 in people under 70 years or < 22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening…

…a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms…

…prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important in premature coronary disease…

…in the myocardial territory supplied by the occluded artery. Conversely, an angiographically identified CTO without demonstrable ischaemia or viable myocardium provides a less compelling basis…

…advances in molecular diagnostics reveal that up to 30 40% of "idiopathic" cases harbor a genetic basis. Truncating variants in the TTN gene (titin) are…

…the basis of morbid anatomy. This is not a new experience for either the pathologist or the internist. That there is something lacking in our…