…the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the…

…2 agonist. Stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral areas of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects…

…This balance changes according to the clinical setting, time from MI or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), ischaemic risk, bleeding risk, need for anticoagulation, and whether…

…photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality…

…soon as it is safe to do so after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses…

…attenuation and other technical factors. Relative perfusion assessment has an important limitation: it requires a normally perfused reference territory. In diffuse coronary disease, balanced multivessel…

…exercise. Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise…

…fluid balance, renal function, electrolytes and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH of the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis…

…produces structural and functional cardiovascular changes that increase susceptibility to disease. Cellular atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, calcification, vascular remodeling, altered diastolic filling, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired…

…coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making…

…present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent unsteadiness or ataxia without clear spontaneous nystagmus Cerebellar or brainstem infarction, intoxication, Wernicke…

…primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water…

…with a score of 1 or more. Patient preference and risk benefit balance determine whether treatment is initiated. High No treatment High 2 Oral anticoagulation…

…instead in patient selection. Because implantation entails appreciable cost and procedural risk, the risk benefit balance depends almost entirely on the capacity to identify, prospectively…

…be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis, lipids and apolipoproteins…

…hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water balance. They can reduce jugular venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight…

…stent thrombosis in this setting. The duration of therapy requires an individualized balance between: Ischaemic risk, including recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis. Bleeding risk…

…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

…oxygen supply is easy). Thus, the theory regarding supply/demand balance has always been conceptual and lacks scientific evidence. As suggested by Heusch, [1] this…

…the balance between: Anatomical completeness and complexity of revascularization Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment…

…macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The principal…

…by muscle mass, nutrition, drugs and fluid balance. Fluid administration can dilute the creatinine and mask the deterioration, while dehydration can concentrate it. In older…

…late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening the QT interval and reducing arrhythmic events, contingent upon the specific…

…late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening the QT interval and reducing arrhythmic events, contingent upon the specific…

…a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts contribute to matrix production, while inflammatory cell proteinases degrade matrix constituents. The balance between synthesis and degradation…

…underlying comorbidities, supervised muscle strengthening physiotherapy, exercise, and coordination and balance training. Orthostatic Blood Pressure Measurement Before starting or intensifying blood pressure treatment, orthostatic hypote

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…the balance between procedural risk and benefit. An early invasive strategy is not recommended when the risks of revascularization outweigh its expected benefits. Haemodynamic and…

…programme should incorporate four domains: Aerobic activity Strength training Balance exercises Flexibility exercises Walking, yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are…

…hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia are exceedingly rare precipitants of cardiac arrest. Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management…

…thrombus (pro thrombolytic factors). The balance between pro thrombogenic and pro thrombolytic factors varies from one minute to another, which may cause variations in the…

…thrombolytic factors. The balance between pro thrombogenic and pro thrombolytic factors determines whether atherothrombosis occurs, and these factors vary from minute to minute. Only a…