Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…renal failure, and heart failure have been identified as important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of…

…including the renal, carotid, vertebral and coronary arteries. In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of patients with SCAD…

…cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular consequences of

…descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…Cardiovascular and renal disease associations Diabetes substantially increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease…

…subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1 MI: Caused by atherothrombotic coronary artery disease, usually precipitated by atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion)…

…and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters…

…treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI ≤ 0.90 is diagnostic of peripheral arterial…

…and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease…

…located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs larger than 4 cm are associated with atherosclerotic pathology…

…Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes…

…prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age, sex, renal function…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…purpose of performing an ultrasound is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound may reveal atherosclerotic…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…etc ) accelerate the atherosclerotic process and increase the number and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina…

…etc ) accelerate the atherosclerotic process and increase the number and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina…

…other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral arterial…

…with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine…

…absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD)…

…caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause…

…in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall…

…of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis…

…intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has…

…coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass…

…include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation…

…atherosclerotic arteries. This engenders the typical ECG changes as well. In acute coronary syndromes, however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of…

…within the artery wall and lipids (particularly LDL cholesterol) plays a key role. As the inflammation and deposition of lipids progress, an atherosclerotic plaque forms…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction, coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia…

…profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most…

…50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies…

… concealed diffuse atherosclerosis; myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not…

…aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies…

…calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income countries…

…have more atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate. Ultimately, the specificity of exercise…

…without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely…

…spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less…

…inflammation results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased…

…anatomical considerations warrant it. The contemporary diagnostic strategy also recognises that symptoms of myocardial ischaemia may arise from obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or…

…artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of…

…from coronary artery disease ( Kannel et al, Demirovic et al ). As described by Myerburg et al and Marijon et al , long term prevention of cardiac…

…types of ischemia– chronic, acute, or subacute –lead to regional abnormalities in contractile function. The abnormalities affect the myocardial area supplied by the arteries distal…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

…tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen, atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from…