…blood flow and angina related health status but does not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline…

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

…rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to cause STEMI because collateral vessels may develop over…

…progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…

…cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow…

…Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…chamber or vessel. Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one coronary artery from…

…other conventional coronary risk factors may be absent. The condition is more prevalent in Japan and South Korea than in Western populations, and multiple vessel…

…atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no absolute contraindications to coronary…

…therapy alongside standard treatment. Interleukin 1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous…

…to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris …

…to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris …

…main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery…

…50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies…

…two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal…

…smoking After acute coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to…

…Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) Exercise stress testing is routinely performed after acute myocardial infarction in order to assess the presence of myocardial ischemia, evaluate angina pectoris…

…practice: coronary artery disease In clinical practice, myocardial ischemia occurs in numerous situations. In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood…

…extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving reduced myocardial perfusion include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery…

…including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD…

…assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not…

…unstable angina), on the other hand, may only display ST depressions and/or T wave inversions. STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) & STEMI (ST…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. Microvascular angina reflects myocardial ischaemia caused by structural or functional microvascular abnormalities…

…results from acute coronary atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for the prediction of heart failure, coronary…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary…

…with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction is required, including in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous…

…in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL…

…The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend…

…Disruption of intracellular signalling and protein synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease…

…cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic…

…anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other…

…remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high…

…87 95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.96 P = .004 Other summaries of the trial describe a 14% reduction in the same composite outcome…

…of physiological stress, but it may also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic…

…from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the…

…CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous Echocardiographic Potential) Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus Prolapse of mitral valve Aortic…

…or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)…

…significance The physiological effect of a coronary lesion depends on more than its visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque…

…cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric…

…cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude of LDL C reduction varies according to the statin…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis…

…ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets have been exhausted, proposed therapeutic approaches act through several broad mechanisms: Promotion of coronary…

…of the character of Angina Pectoris. Atherosclerosis: the cause of coronary artery disease The underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of…

…profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most…

…dissection, intramural haematoma (IMH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). Aortic dissection accounts for approximately 80%–90% of acute aortic syndromes, IMH for approximately 10%–20%…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…

…conventional atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. It may include: Accelerated atherosclerosis and premature myocardial infarction Coronary microvascular dysfunction Myocarditis and pericarditis Coronary or large vessel arteritis…

… concealed diffuse atherosclerosis; myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not…