…fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted intubation in a known difficult airway. The difficult airway algorithm is activated in…

…abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of…

…have selected an objectively measurable finding in advance — usually ptosis or fatigable gaze palsy — that can be assessed before and during the window of effect…

…the weekly dose is adjusted in small steps, that every new prescription is assessed as a potential interaction, and that there is a ready made…

…to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause…

…The following parameters must be assessed, in chronological order: Heart rate Rhythm P wave PR interval QRS complex ST segment T wave U wave QT…

…integral aspect of virtually every echocardiographic examination. Wall motion is assessed in each segment of the left ventricle (Figure 1; refer to Segments of the…

…and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an…

…leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point…

…decision threshold. It can move estimated cardiovascular risk upward or downward and may assist decisions concerning lipid lowering therapy and broader preventive management. The test…

…therefore requires individualized balancing of ischemic and bleeding hazards. High bleeding risk (HBR) should be assessed in a structured manner. Within the ARC HBR framework…

…assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate…

…two leads. Areas above the baseline (typically the TP segment) are assigned positive polarity, while areas below the baseline are assigned negative polarity [3]. These…

…arrest cases, the correlation between the initial pupillary reflex (observed upon emergency department arrival) and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The…

…seen in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances…

…Therefore, the QT interval must always be assessed when interpreting the ECG. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is manifest when a long QT interval induces ventricular…

…catheter ) has been the first choice, but today the majority of patients can only be assessed using echocardiography. A common question is the presence of…

…important in STE ACS (STEMI) and the following parameters on the ECG are assessed: Normalization (return) of ST segment elevations Rapid T wave inversion Normalization…

…infection Swallowing Keep the patient nil by mouth until swallowing has been assessed The plasma glucose is normally the only test result that must always…

…not on a single threshold value. The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and…

…potassium concentrations, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) should be assessed during follow up visits after discharge. Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection…

…stenosis exceeds 70%. Patients being assessed before non cardiac surgery should be questioned specifically about neurological symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Those with symptoms…

…ratio of maximum hyperaemic coronary flow to resting coronary flow. It can be assessed invasively or with myocardial perfusion imaging using PET, SPECT or CMR…

…in as many as 15% of patients after ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), with rates approaching 25% after anterior MI. Thrombi may form early…

…Assessment Before Prescription Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be…

…and substantially impair quality of life. The clinical impact should be assessed in terms of: Symptom frequency and duration. Functional limitation and effect on activities…

…potential prolongation exhibits reverse use dependence, meaning the repolarization time is extended to a greater degree at slower heart rates. Sotalol does not significantly alter…

…blood supply. Stress increases myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot…

…Risk Assessment Screening for cardiovascular and kidney disease All patients with diabetes should be assessed for: ASCVD Severe target organ damage (TOD) HF AF CKD…

…first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular rate during supraventricular tachycardias (e.g.atrial fibrillation). Because digoxin…

…the QRS complex. The PR interval is assessed in order to determine whether impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles is normal. The flat…

…to consider loading conditions when evaluating the measured ejection fraction. Ideally, ejection fraction should be assessed during normal, with regards to the patient, loading conditions…

…Right ventricular (RV) dimension and function. RV function can be assessed using TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion). Study the movement and opening of the…

…the muscle layer closest to the endocardium. The subendocardium has the poorest prerequisites in the case of myocardial ischemia. All myocardial infarctions affect the subendocardium…

…If the examination is performed urgently, the examination can be performed before personal identification data is assigned to the study. Electrocardiogram (ECG) The ECG is…

…rhythm degenerating into asystole or PEA. Neurological function after cardiac arrest Neurological function after ROSC can be assessed using several different scoring systems. To date…

…tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result of an increased rate of depolarization (i.e increased automaticity) in the sinoatrial node. This simply means that…

…common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's anomaly is approximately 1 case per 200.000 live births (Atthenhofer et al) . Figure 1…

…distance from the transducer. Frame rate The two dimensional image must be updated rapidly and continuously in order to obtain a movie. The speed at…