…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…Clinical guidelines now emphasize that a BMI within the conventional "normal" range (up to 25 kg/m²) does not necessarily equate to optimal cardiovascular health…

…breathing before apnea A cardiac arrest occurs within a minute after cessation of breathing (apnea), regardless of the cause. A person who is not breathing…

…place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable…

…and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy. Concurrent MAO inhibitor, particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid…

…smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and…

…a systemic steroid early. 7. Insert intravenous access, but do not let blood sampling or cannulation delay inhaled treatment. 8. Reassess speech, work of breathing…

…awake fibreoptic intubation or anaesthetic back up is then the right course, not RSI. Assess the airway first LEMON for a rapid bedside assessment: Letter…

…Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation, but it does not characterize body composition, fat distribution…

…consciousness. Urgent EEG if the patient does not wake or if ongoing electrographic seizure activity is suspected Benzodiazepines are the established first line treatment. Intravenous…

…resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea or hypoventilation. Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness…

…to 12 months. Use with caution in patients at risk for bradycardia (slow heart rate). Central sleep apnea, including Cheyne Stokes respiration, has been reported…

…sleep ( Dickinson et al ). Pronounced sinus bradycardia is frequently associated with hypoxic episodes caused by obstructive sleep apnea. The following bradyarrhythmias are considered normal findings…

…diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural cardiac…