…Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia…

…regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…or takotsubo syndrome, while chronic myocardial injury may be seen in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and severe valvular heart disease. Type 2 MI and non ischaemic…

…on five clinical factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration…

…of the nine parameters listed above. Many of the diagnoses mentioned below are discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout…

…Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors…

…tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease…

…clinicians in balancing estimating the risks of bleeding. Components of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease…

…cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some…

…alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease may produce a similar symptom complex; in the absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions…

…a higher risk of major and minor bleeding, as classified by the TIMI system (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction). Prasugrel should only be considered for patients…

…with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease…

…and an LVEF below 40%. Signs may be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular…

…artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and…

…in T4 produces a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease…

…In chronic anaemia with a treatable cause — iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency — transfusion is rarely the right measure. Contraindications Anaemia that can be corrected…

…for example in newly diagnosed venous thromboembolism. 1. Check the INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K…

…or worsen ischaemia, including anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist…

…reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury…