…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components of the ATRIA Score The ATRIA score assigns points based on five clinical factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin…

…The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization) in the sinoatrial node is increased during physical activity, stress, and nervousness. This is due to altered tone in…

…decreases during expiration (due to increased vagal tone). This results in a slightly irregular rhythm. Sinus arrhythmia occurs in the majority of healthy pediatric patients…

…tendency to bleed (e.g., due to recent trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or active peptic ulcer). Patients weighing < 60 kg (maintenance dose of 5…

…an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis…

…patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history of ischemic stroke can be treated with ticagrelor for up to 12 months. Use with caution in…

…conditions, such as significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction…

…GY. A novel user friendly score (HAS BLED) to assess 1 year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey…

…a valid blood group, give group O RhD negative blood (always RhD negative to women of childbearing age) while awaiting the result. Equipment A large…

… raised by anaemia, age and pregnancy Procalcitonin < 0.25 µg/L Supports a bacterial aetiology; used to guide antibiotic therapy Glucose and lipids Test…

…arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia, kidney dysfunction, sleep disordered breathing, cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the relevant clinical settings or comorbidities…

…anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of…

…marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute…

…is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect…

…assessment of bleeding risk and the risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the…

…therapy. Nicorandil and trimetazidine are additional options in selected patients. Treatment choices should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension…

…syndrome of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. The underlying mechanisms are not uniform across the HFmrEF population. Some patients have a pathophysiological profile closer to HFrEF…

…motion abnormality in an ischaemic distribution Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy, where applicable to the relevant infarction category Myocardial infarction results…

…amenable to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG, daily or weekly angina remains present in approximately 2%–24% of…

…confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute…