…is metabolized to cyanide. Cyanid toxicity may be fatal (should be suspected if patient develops altered mental status and lactic acidosis). Fatal outcomes are rare…

…with fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance or altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (electrolyte disorder) The normal cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing…

…before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known…

…disease. Cellular atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, calcification, vascular remodeling, altered diastolic filling, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired hemodynamic stability commonly coexist. These changes promote hypertension, ischemia, valvular…

…branch points, where disturbed flow, altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in…

…by staphylococcus auerus . This usually affects drug users (intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT…

…and direction of blood flow. This is possible because sound waves that hit moving objects are reflected at an altered frequency. Sound waves that hit…

…efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered QRS appearance. These concepts will be discussed…

…and nervousness. This is due to altered tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and…

…waves that originate from the same reflection point. Reflected ultrasound waves have altered properties (e.g altered amplitude) . This is exploited to give the reflected…

…resolved Inattention The patient loses the thread, is easily distracted or cannot follow a simple instruction Altered awareness The patient is drowsy, difficult to rouse…

…hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease…

…pattern. However, this well recognized pattern can be significantly altered when atrial activation is modified by cardiac surgery involving atrial tissue, extensive prior radiofrequency ablation…

…vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various arrhythmias, ranging from bradycardias related to…

…fibrosis, impaired coronary microvascular function, and altered cardiomyocyte relaxation. Coronary microvascular rarefaction and myocardial fibrosis have been described in HFpEF, while nitrosative stress and abnormalities…

…proinflammatory cytokines and C reactive protein. Increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio reflects altered endothelial and renal pathophysiology in insulin resistance. Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Fatty Liver…

…Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk Underweight <18.5 — — Healthy weight 18.5–24.9 — — Overweight 25.0–29.9 — Increased Obesity…

…Depending on the difference in acoustic impedance between the tissues, the angle of the ultrasound wave may be altered. This is referred to as refraction …

…early repolarization is caused by altered ion channel function (alterations in sodium, potassium and calcium currents have been suggested). The altered ion channel function leads…