…is metabolized to cyanide. Cyanid toxicity may be fatal (should be suspected if patient develops altered mental status and lactic acidosis). Fatal outcomes are rare…

…with fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance or altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (electrolyte disorder) The normal cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing…

…before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known…

…disease. Cellular atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, calcification, vascular remodeling, altered diastolic filling, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired hemodynamic stability commonly coexist. These changes promote hypertension, ischemia, valvular…

…branch points, where disturbed flow, altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in…

…by staphylococcus auerus . This usually affects drug users (intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT…

…and direction of blood flow. This is possible because sound waves that hit moving objects are reflected at an altered frequency. Sound waves that hit…

…efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered QRS appearance. These concepts will be discussed…