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Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between consumption and cardiovascular outcomes, with apparently lower overall…

Liver parameters

…and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2. A…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine…

Joint aspiration

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of…

🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…as asthma attacks, angioedema, or urticaria with NSAIDs). Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Serious skin reactions (e.g., Stevens Johnson syndrome…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

🟠 Clonidine

…Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable…

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