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Wound suturing

…and all bites on the hand. These are as a rule left open. Facial bites can be sutured after careful debridement because of the cosmesis…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a pacing function and self adhesive multifunction pads. A separate three lead ECG…

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

…clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially increasing the future risk of obstructive coronary disease…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage…

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