Articles & courses

Articles
Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device not switched on…

Wound suturing

…through a 20 mL syringe and a large bore needle. Chlorhexidine in alcohol to the skin around the wound — not into the wound. Sterile gloves…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…Circulating monocytes bind to the upregulated adhesion molecules, transmigrate into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines…

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

…chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM 1) a

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation…

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