…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction)…

…defibrillation (when possible) are the strongest determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require trained professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions…

…test, exercise stress ECG) Exercise stress testing has been used routinely for over 60 years to evaluate cardiopulmonary function and to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The…

…18 G Green 90–100 mL/min Blood transfusion, contrast medium 20 G Pink 55–65 mL/min The standard for most adults 22 G…

…TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage [1]. Acute Management and…

…velocitites and volumes. This is useful for detecting valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler can be…

…the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy…

…2–5 mL. Needles: 21–25 G, 40 mm for subacromial and trochanteric injection; 25–27 G, 25 mm for the carpal tunnel, de Quervain…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup…

…make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not…

…2025 ACS guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients with ACS. Addition of a non statin lipid lowering agent in patients receiving…

…Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while…

…under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of…

…intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications, which may require specific treatments. Such complications include heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias (eg…

…prognosis. The 5 year survival rate after hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart…

…prognosis. The 5 year survival rate after hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart…

…system ensures rapid and synchronized spread of depolarization, which is essential for coordinated and efficient atrial and ventricular activity. The conduction system includes the sinoatrial …

…supine position. In order to obtain the best possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the operator, special examination tables are used. These tables…

…it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years…

…storage. Its biology includes: accumulation and modification of lipids within the intima; recruitment of innate and adaptive inflammatory leukocytes; oxidative stress and persistent local inflammation…

…be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be visible or invisible, depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc…