…coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared…

…mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to…

…dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the…

…and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease…

…biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia…

…Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a…

…s disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting…

…The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure , cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvular disease …

…populations [14] . Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes…

…obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia, kidney dysfunction, sleep disordered breathing, cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the…